Optimasi Nutrisi Memahami Fungsi Pakan Alami dan Pelet terhadap Ekosistem Kolam: Article Review

Abstract

Sektor akuakultur menghadapi tekanan akibat tingginya biaya pakan komersial (60–70% anggaran produksi) dan degradasi kualitas air akibat akumulasi limbah nitrogen dan fosfor. Artikel review yang disusun pada Januari hingga Maret 2026 ini bertujuan memberikan kerangka teoretis komprehensif dalam mengintegrasikan pakan alami lokal dengan formulasi pelet guna memaksimalkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik (LPS) ikan dan meminimalkan limbah organik. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan tinjauan pustaka sistematis terhadap 25 referensi ilmiah bereputasi terbitan tahun 2010 sampai 2025. Hasil sintesis literatur menunjukkan bahwa intensifikasi ekologis menggunakan bahan lokal seperti Lemna sp., tepung serangga, dan Moringa oleifera efektif menurunkan kadar amonia beracun melalui fitoremediasi alami. Secara biologis, substitusi 5% duckweed (tanaman air) kering terbukti menstimulasi LPS hingga 1,7% pada ikan nila serta menjamin tingkat kelangsungan hidup hingga 99%. Selain itu, pemanfaatan bahan baku lokal ini secara signifikan mengurangi ketergantungan finansial pada pakan impor yang rentan terhadap gangguan rantai pasokan global. Kesimpulannya, sinergi antara teknologi pelet dan pakan alami menjadi jalur strategis yang krusial untuk memperkuat kemandirian ekonomi pembudidaya sekaligus menjaga keberlanjutan lingkungan ekosistem tambak.

Kata Kunci: Bahan baku lokal, Fitoremediasi, Keberlanjutan akuakultur, Laju pertumbuhan spesifik, Manajemen kualitas air.

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