SERVANT LEADERSHIP AS A PREDICTOR OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT AMONG OUTSOURSED EMPLOYEES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36085/jam-ekis.v9i2.10498Abstrak
Outsourced employees often face job uncertainty and limited organizational support, making psychological empowerment a crucial factor in enhancing their work experience. However, limited studies have specifically examined how servant leadership influences psychological empowerment in the context of outsourced employees, who are structurally more vulnerable than permanent staff. This study aims to analyze the effect of servant leadership on the psychological empowerment of outsourced employees. An explanatory quantitative approach was employed, with data collected through questionnaires from 89 outsourced employees selected using purposive sampling. The research instruments were developed based on the dimensions of servant leadership by Liden et al. and psychological empowerment by Spreitzer, and were tested using validity, reliability, and simple linear regression analyses at a 0.05 significance level. The results indicate that servant leadership has a positive and significant effect on psychological empowerment, as shown by a regression coefficient of 0.451 and a significance value of 0.000. These findings highlight the role of supportive and empowering leadership in strengthening employees’ sense of meaning, competence, and autonomy. This study offers practical implications for organizations to adopt more humanistic leadership approaches to enhance the psychological empowerment of outsourced employees.
Referensi
(BPS), B. P. S. (2024). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja Di Indonesia Agustus 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/12/09/6f1fd1036968c8a28e4cfe26/keadaan-angkatan-kerja-di-indonesia-agustus-2024.html
(ILO), I. L. O. (2023). World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2023. ILO Publications. https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2023
Allan, B. A., Batz-Barbarich, C., Sterling, H. M., & Tay, L. (2019). Outcomes of Meaningful Work: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 56(3), 500–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12406
Cyfert, S., Szumowski, W., Dyduch, W., Zastempowski, M., & Chudziński, P. (2022). The power of moving fast: responsible leadership, psychological empowerment and workforce agility in energy sector firms. Heliyon, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11188
Dhiman, S. K., & Roberts, G. E. (2023). The Palgrave Handbook of Servant leadership. In Palgrave Macmillan (Vol. 2). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01323-2_83
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
Ghalavi, Z., & Nastiezaie, N. (2020). Relationship of servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior with mediation of psychological empowerment. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2020(89), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2020.89.11
Harina, R. N., & Rachmawati, R. (2024). Servant leadership’s Impact on Green Behavior: Exploring Psychological Empowerment and Autonomous Motivation for the Environment in the Energy Sector. Jurnal Manajemen Teori Dan Terapan| Journal of Theory and Applied Management, 17(2), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.20473/jmtt.v17i2.53442
Hikmah, K., Subyantoro, A., Puspitaningrum, D. A., & Nasrulloh, R. S. (2024). Participative Leadership VS Servant leadership on Innovative Work Behavior: Role of Psychological Empowerment as Mediator. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(7), 3748–3760. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i7.4497
Hoven, A. G. Van Der, Mahembe, B., & Hamman-Fisher, D. (2021). The influence of servant leadership on psychological empowerment and organisational citizenship on a sample of teachers. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1395
Indriyani, S., Jimad, H., & Mardiana, N. (2025). The Influence of Servant leadership and Motivation on Employee Performance with Organizational Culture as a Mediating Variable. Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies, 08(03), 1600–1609. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v8-i3-41
Jiang, L., & Lavaysse, L. M. (2018). Cognitive and Affective Job Insecurity: A Meta-Analysis and a Primary Study. Journal of Management, 44(6), 2307–2342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318773853
Juyumaya, J. (2022). How psychological empowerment impacts task performance: The mediation role of work engagement and moderating role of age. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.889936
Kamil, N. L. M., Abukhalifa, A. M. S., Eliyana, A., & Pratama, A. S. (2025). Unlocking organisational citizenship and innovation: a servant leadership approach for psychological empowerment. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 46(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-08-2023-0433
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006
Llorente-Alonso, M., García-Ael, C., & Topa, G. (2024). A meta-analysis of psychological empowerment: Antecedents, organizational outcomes, and moderating variables. In Current Psychology (Vol. 43, Issue 2, pp. 1759–1784). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04369-8
Mahendri, M. R., Susita, D., & Yohana, C. (2022). The Effect of Servant leadership on Innovative Work Behavior with Psychological Empowerment and Job Crafting as Intervening Variables. The International Journal of Social Sciences Worl, 4(2), 197–214. https://www.growingscholar.org/journal/index.php/
Oktavian, R. F., Satriawan, B., & Johan, A. (2022). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepemimpinan diri terhadap kinerja adaptif selama krisis: Peran mediasi pemberdayaan psikologi. Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah …, 4(8), 3402–3412. http://journal.ikopin.ac.id/index.php/fairvalue/article/download/1396/1202
Sandy, F. (2025). Outsourcing Mau Dihapus Prabowo, Jumlah Karyawanya di RI Sebanyak Ini. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20250525130355-4-635987/outsourcing-mau-dihapus-prabowo-jumlah-karyawannya-di-ri-sebanyak-ini
Sari, S. (2024). Pengaruh Servant leadership, Perceived Organizational Support, Leader Member Exchange, Dan Psychological Empowerment Pada Organizational Citizenship Behavior. JPEK (Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Kewirausahaan), 8(1), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.29408/jpek.v8i1.24154
Schaufeli, W. (2021). Engaging Leadership: How to Promote Work Engagement? Frontiers in Psychology, 12(October), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754556
Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011). Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological and Team Empowerment in Organizations: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022676
Seubert, L., McWha-Hermann, I., Seubert, C., & Searle, R. (2025). Precarious employment and work: understanding the underlying psychological and social processes and advancing research from work and organisational psychology. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 34(6), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2025.2565932
Spears, L. C. (2010). Character and Servant leadership: Ten Characteristics of Effective, Caring Leaders. The Journal of Virtues & Leadership, 1(1), 25–30.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological Empowerment In The Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. In Academy of management journal (Vol. 38, Issue 5, pp. 1442–1465).
Wen, J., Huang, S. (Sam), & Teo, S. (2023). Effect of empowering leadership on work engagement via psychological empowerment: Moderation of cultural orientation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54(September 2022), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.12.012
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Yurika, E., & Rosita, S. (2022). PENGARUH SERVANT LEADERSHIP TERHADAP PERILAKU INOVATIF DENGAN PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA DINAS ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL PROVINSI JAMBI. Jurnal Manajemen Terapan Dan Keuangan (Mankeu), 11(03), 616–629. https://repository.unja.ac.id/23283/%0Ahttps://repository.unja.ac.id/23283/5/daftar pustaka.pdf
Zorlu, O., Baytok, A., Avan, A., & Inci, E. (2021). How servant leaders psychologically empower their followers: The case of five star hotels. Tourism, 69(4), 505–526. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.69.4.3
