Blockchain- and NFC-Based System for Fashion Product Ownership Verification and Transfer

Abstract

Counterfeit fashion products and limited ownership history information remain challenges in fashion commerce, particularly in the pre-loved market. This study aims to develop a blockchain-based product verification and ownership transfer system by integrating QR Code, Near Field Communication (NFC), and the SHA-256 algorithm. The system employs a hybrid architecture connecting an off-chain database with the Ethereum network to support product identification, data integrity verification, and digital ownership recording. Evaluation was conducted through NFC implementation testing, a comparison of QR Code and NFC mechanisms, and black-box functional testing. The NFC implementation achieved a 100% success rate (5 out of 5 test stages), while functional system testing achieved 100% (11 out of 11 functions). QR Code uses a UUID as the product identifier, whereas NFC uses a hash value for verification. The system also successfully supports ownership claiming and transfer through blockchain transactions. These results indicate that all tested functions operated according to their predefined scenarios. The reported 100% represents the functional testing success rate, not the classification accuracy of product authenticity. Further testing using genuine and counterfeit product samples and attack scenarios is required to measure verification accuracy and security resilience.