Derivational Affixes in Youtube Video Vsauce

Affixation is the most common process that is used by people and it is used because most of the new words created by using affix. The aims of this research were: 1) To find out the most dominant derivational affixes used in YouTube video Vsauce.; 2) To investigate the process of derivational affixes found in YouTube video Vsauce. This research used the descriptive qualitative method. The results of this research showed that the data about derivational affixes which used by the YouTube channel Vsauce, the researcher found that there were 165 derivational affixes found in 20 videos by YouTube channel Vsauce, and he also used all of the kinds of derivational affixes in his videos. The research reflected that the speaker wants to make a clarity for the viewers about the expression and explanation of his topic or the condition that happened in his video.


A. Introduction
Morphology is one of the subjects that have given to the students of English Department since it is one of linguistics branches. Morphology is studied about word formation. So that is why the students should complete with seriously and carefully about this subject. Matthews (1996:1), students of language should always aware of the importance of words and morphology. The study of the internal structure of words did not emerge as a distinct sub-branch of linguistics On the other hand, Aronoff & Fudeman (2011:1) morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms. In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. It means that morphology attempts to understand how people use and understand the way that words work.
The smallest piesces meaningful unit in a language we called morpheme. Morpheme it self is the smallest unit of language that carries information about the meaning and function of the word. Haspelmath and Sims (2013:3), the smallest meaningful constituents of words that can be identified are called morphemes. In nut-s, both -s and nut are morphemes. Other examples of words consisting of two morphemes would be break-ing, hope-less, re-write, cheese-board; words consisting of three morphemes are re-writ-ing, hope-less-ness, ear-plug-s; and so on. From the definition above, it can be concluded that in linguistics, morpheme as the smallest unit of language that has its own meaning. To sum up, a morpheme cannot be divided into smaller parts, in addition, a morpheme carries meaning and grammatical information. Simple words like book, flower, stone, knowledge or yellow are morphemes. Every morpheme has different forms and from the different forms can created many new meanings from the basic word.
More specifically, in morphemes have two categories inside it that are, free morpheme and bound morpheme. (Fromkin et al., 2003:80) some morphemes like boy, desire, gentle, and man may constitute words by themselves. These are free morphemes. Other morphemes like -ish, -ness,ly, pre-, trans-, and un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are bound morphemes. Morphemes can be free and bound. A free morpheme can stand on its own as an independent, single word, for example teach and collect. The explanation above can i conclude that, free morpheme it's a morpheme can stand alone without process affixation but bound morpheme can't stand alone it's should attaching suffix or prefix to make a complete word. The variaties of bound morpheme is called affixes.
Affixation is the most common process that is used by people and it is used because most of the new words created by using affix. Kusumawardhani (2020:9) explain that affixation is a morphological process which supposed to change a root or base word to form a new word. The result process of affixation is noun derived from verb, adjective derived from adverb, and adjective derived into noun. Affixation is bound morpheme which divided into three parts there are, prefix, infix, and suffix. But, English only has two kinds of bound morphemes namely prefix and suffix. As we know, adding an affix can created new meaning and it can be derivational affixes or inflectional affixes. The transformation of affixes brings out the characteristic of words. According to Puji Astuti, (2018:2) there are two kinds of affixes, they are derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. To sum up, affixes are morphemes that are not free, in that they must always be attched to a root morpheme, there are two kinds of affixes, inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. Adding an affix can created a new meaning and it can be derivational affixes and infelctional affixes. Derivational affixes and inflectional affixes are two types of affixes that are commonly used in morphology. The process of affixing a word that can change the class of the term is known as derivational. Meanwhile, inflectional is the process of adding a suffix to a word without affecting the class. From the definition above , the point is in affixes have two kinds there are derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. More further, for example, word sing+er, sing is verb and when added -er the word class is changing from verb to noun. This is the example of derivational affixes. However, when the word is book and we add suffix -s, class of word not change because the word from singular to plural. Many people use derivational affixes in their utterances, to deepen knowledge about derivational affixes the researcher will examine the derivational affixes used by one of the educating YouTuber, namely Michael Stevens.

B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research used the descriptive qualitative method. (Cresswell, 2009:4)stated that qualitative research is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. This meant that the researcher would explained the derivational affixes in YouTube video Vsauce, with the limitation on the derivational affixes from uttrences by Michael Stevens in his YouTube channel Vsauce. Which has the most views in 20 uploaded videos, and also used Fromkin's theory. Then, used table of analysis as well.

C. Finding and Discussion Ø Findings
After analyzing the data about derivational affixes used by the YouTube channel Vsauce, the researcher found that there were 165 derivational affixes found in 20 videos by YouTube channel Vsauce, and he also used all of the kinds of derivational affixes in his videos. For more detail of the results, the researcher presented them as follows. 100 % The table showed that the highest derivational affixes in noun to adjective category in data VI, X, Xlll, XVll, and XIX with the 13,3%. And the lowest in data l, ll, lV, Vll, IX, Xll, XlV, XV, XVl, and XVIII with the 0% category.      1%). After that, adjective to noun is on third position with 25 occurrance (15.3%). And then, verb to adjective with 15 occurrance (9.2%). Next, noun to adjective with 14 occurrance (8.6%). Then, the next position adjective to verb with 4 occurrance (2.5%). And the last is noun to verb with 0 occurrance (0%).
The table also shows that in noun to adjective, there was 1 derivational affixes in prefix category and then 14 occurrances of suffixes category. Then, in verb to noun there's no prefix but has 36 occurrances. Adjective to adverb there's no prefix but has the highest occurrances 69 derivational. Next, noun to verb the researcher found 1 prefix and there's no suffix. In category adjective to noun, there's no prefix and has 25 occurrances of suffixes. Verb to adjective, there's no prefix and has 15 occurrances in suffixes. And the last, adjective to verb, there's no prefix and 4 occurrances of suffixes. Additionally, there are 165 affixes found in data, 163 of suffix and 2 of prefix. Those appearance suffixes were -ous, -er -ion, -ance, -ly, -ness, -ive, -able, -ize, -ity, -ic and -ful. Meanwhile, the appearance prefix were en-and in-.

Ø Discussion
After getting and analyzing the data, the researcher would like to discuss them in detail and relate them to theories and relevant studies. The aim of this study is to know the most frequently kind of derivational affixes in YouTube video Vsauce. And to investigate the process of derivational affixes in YouTube video Vsauce. According to Fromkin et,al there are some process of derivational affixes, namely: 1) noun to adjective; 2) verb to noun; 3) adjective to adverb; 4) noun to verb; 5) adjective to noun; 6) verb to adjective; and 7) adjective to verb.
The first aspect being discussed is about the most dominant types of derivational affixes used by YouTube channel Vsauce. After calculating and analyzing the results that were presented in the previous part of this chapter, the researcher has presented that adjective to adverb was the most dominant used by YouTube channel Vsauce in Michael Stevens utterances. So it can be seen that in the video discussion about science there will still be word changes in the derivation field. Furthermore, affixes prefix has the lowest result than suffix. In Fromkin's theory, actually there are many form of prefixes but that is not change the part of speech, like -un, dis-, re-, il-, and in-. But in this research the researcher only analysis derivational affixes with changing grammatical classes or part of speech.
The finding of this study has similarities as well as differences with other studies. This study is similar to Rizka (2020) study. Rizka (2020) chose derivational as her study. The result of Rizka's study is almost similar to this study. Her also found that were derivational processes occurred in the Deen Squad Lyric. However, Rizkia found 17 derivational affixes, 16 of suffixes and 1 of prefix. Meanwhile this study found 165 affixes 163 of suffixes and 2 of prefix. The, answer the second question, about the process of derivational affixes found in YouTube video Vsauce. There are some processes of derivational affixes which change grammatical classes found in YouTube channel Vsauce, such as noun to adjective, verb to noun, adjective to adverb, noun to verb, adjective to noun, verb to adjective and adjective to verb. Furthermore, the example of process of derivational affixes found in this study is the word collection, the base word is collect and attach with the suffix -ion. Become collect+ion. This process indicate verb to noun derivation. The other example, the word runner. The base word is run as a verb and then attach with suffix -er. Become runner as a noun. This process the researcher used theory by Fromkin et,al. For more detail, let's follow the example below: Example 1: Noun to Adjective "Is similar to the effects caused by the consumption of poisonous plants" The underlined word poisonous, there is a suffix -ous is indicated for noun to adjective. Base word of this word is poison as noun. And then attaching by suffix -ous. So, become poison + -ous. This process change the part of speech from noun to adjective. "There's a poetic idea" The underlined word poetic, there is a suffix -ic is indicated for noun to adjective. Base word of this word is poet as noun. And then attaching by suffix -ic. So, become poet + -ic. Thus process change the part of speech from noun to Adjective.
Example 2: Verb to Noun "In 2003, researcher did the measurements" The underlined word researcher, there is a suffix -er is indicated for verb to noun. Base word of this word research as verb. And then attaching by suffix -er. So, become research + -er. This process change the part of speech from verb to noun.
"But why the egoistical obsession with our conversation?" The underlined word obsession there is a suffix -ion is indicated for verb to noun. Base word of this word obsess as verb. And then attaching by suffix -ion. So, become obsess + -ion. This process change the part of speech from verb to noun.
Example 3: Adjective to Adverb "DNA mutations occur randomly in your body" The underlined word randomly, there is a suffix -ly is indicated for adjective to adverb. Base word of this word random as adjective. And then attaching by suffix -ly. So, become random + -ly. This process change the part of speech from adjective to adverb.
"Were all of that material is completely fabricated" The underlined word completely, there is a suffix -ly is indicated for adjective to adverb. Base word of this word complete as adjective. And then attaching by suffix -ly. So, become complete + -ly. This process change the part of speech from adjective to adverb.
Example 4: Noun To Verb "And our inability to connect physical phenomenon" The underlined word inability, there is a prefix in-is indicated for noun to verb. Base word of this word ability as noun. And then attaching by prefix in-. So, become in-+ ability. This process change the part of speech from noun to verb.
"And this can lead to motion sickness, visual and disorientation" The underlined word sickness, there is a suffix -ness is indicated noun to verb. Base word of this word sick as noun. And then attaching by suffixness. So, become sick + -ness. This process change the part of speech from noun to verb.
Example 5: Adjective to Noun "Looking Goofy wasn't a sign of happiness but of darkness or stupidity" The underlined word stupidity, there is a suffix -ity is indicated for adjective to noun. Base word of this word stupid as adjective. And then attaching by suffix -ity. So, become stupid + -ity. This process change part of speech from adjective to noun. "Major religion in west accepted earth rotundity" The underlined word rotundity, there is a suffix -ity is indicated for adjective to noun. Base word of this word rotund as adjective. And then attaching by suffix -ity. So, become rotund + -ity. This process change part of speech from adjective to noun.
Example 6: Verb to Adjective "More than 500 humans have left Earth and they've gone as far as the moon, an impressive distance" The underlined word impressive, there is a suffix -ive is indicated for verb to adjective. Base word of this word impress as verb. And then attaching by suffix -ive. So, become impress + -ive. This process change part of speech from verb to noun.
"The puzzle may be playable forever" The underlined word playable, there is a suffix -able is indicated for verb to adjective. Base word of this word play as verb. And then attaching by suffix -able. So, become play + -able. This process change part of speech verb to noun.
Example 7: Adjective to Verb "Astronomers at the time realize, that us leap days pushed the calendar too far behind the seasons" The underlined word realize, there is a suffix -ize is indicated for adjective to verb. Base word of this word real as adjective. And then attaching by suffix -ize. So, become real + -ize. This process change part of speech from adjective to verb.
"Vosiva believe that the earth was actually flat and he enforced flat earth's teaching in school in Zion" The underlined word enforced, there is a prefix en-is indicated for adjective to verb. Base word of this word force as adjective. And then attaching by prefix en-. So, become en + force. This process change part of speech from adjective to verb.
According to the research findings, the suffix -ly is mostly used in words as an adverb marker. In this case, an adverb marker clarifies the expression or explanation of Michelle Stevens or the condition that occurred in his explanation of his topic. It denotes that the speaker wishes to clarify something for the viewer. It will be explained in detail below: "Were all of that material is completely fabricated" The word completely explains about the speaker wants to convince the audience that it really happened.

D. Conclusion
The researcher would like to conclude that: a) the most dominant type of derivational affixes found in YouTube channel Vsauce is adjective to adverb 42.3% (69 occurrances), b) the process of derivational affixes found in YouTube channel Vsauce, there are: 1) noun to adjective, those appearance suffixes -ous, -ic, and -ful. 2) verb to noun, those appearance suffixes -er, -ion, and -ance. 3) adjective to adverb, those appearance suffix -ly. 4) noun to verb, those appearance prefix in-. 5) adjective to noun, those appearance suffixes -ity and -ness. 6) verb to adjective, those appearance suffixes -able and -ive. 7) adjective to verb, those appearance suffix and prefix -ize and en-. It shows that have the most frequently present are suffix -ly as an adverb marker in YouTube channel VSauce which have a meaning that the speaker wants to make a clarity for the viewers about the expression and explanation of his topic or the condition that happened in his video.